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Barter refers to a trading system where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using money as an intermediary. As one of humanity's oldest economic activities, this exchange system relies on subjective value assessment by trading parties and requires a "double coincidence of wants" to complete transactions.

Fiat currency is a government-issued money declared as legal tender, deriving its value from the issuing government's creditworthiness rather than being backed by physical commodities like gold. As the predominant form of money in the modern global financial system, fiat currencies are managed by central banks or monetary authorities and carry the force of law for circulation and debt settlement.

Fiat currency refers to money issued and recognized by a nation or government, whose value is not directly backed by physical assets like gold or silver, but rather by government credit and legal provisions. Common fiat currencies include the US dollar, euro, and yuan, which are issued and managed by central banks and maintain value stability through monetary policy regulation.

Quantitative Easing (QE) is an unconventional monetary policy tool implemented by central banks that involves large-scale purchases of financial assets (such as government bonds) to increase money supply and inject liquidity into the financial system, typically employed when traditional monetary policy tools have limited effectiveness, aimed at stimulating economic growth and preventing deflation.