The concept and classification of contract margin

Margin, simply put, is a certain amount of funds or assets that the trading parties submit to the exchange or the counterparty as a guarantee to ensure the smooth performance of the contract during contract trading. Its essence is a contractual guarantee mechanism, just like when you rent a car, you need to pay a deposit, which is the ‘margin’ that ensures that you can return the car on time and without damaging the vehicle. In the financial market, when you buy or sell a contract, market fluctuations may expose you to huge losses or even make you unwilling to perform the contract. The existence of margin increases the cost of default and constrains you to act according to the rules, ensuring fair and orderly transactions.

In the cryptocurrency futures market, contract margin is mainly divided into initial margin and maintenance margin. The main differences between the two are as follows: Initial margin is the minimum margin amount required to be transferred when opening a position; maintenance margin is the minimum margin amount that needs to be maintained during the holding period.

Calculation of initial margin

The importance of initial margin

The initial margin plays an important role in contract trading, mainly for the following reasons:

1. Risk Management: Initial Margin ensures that users have sufficient funds to cover potential losses when conducting contract transactions, thereby reducing the risk for the exchange and other users.
2. Credit guarantee: The initial margin serves as a form of credit guarantee, ensuring that users have the ability to maintain their positions during market fluctuations.
3. Trading leverage: The initial margin allows users to control a larger position with less capital, thereby amplifying potential returns and risks.

Calculation method for initial margin

• In full position mode, all available funds in the user’s account are considered as available margin.
  • USDT-based contract initial margin calculation method: Opening margin = |Contract quantity| × Contract multiplier × Mark price / Leverage + |Contract quantity| × Contract multiplier × Mark price × Closing fee rate, the initial margin will change with the price of the trading currency.
  • Margin calculation method for coin-margined contracts: Initial margin = |Contract Quantity| / (Mark Price × Leverage) + (|Contract Quantity| / Mark Price) × Closeout Fee Rate, the initial margin will fluctuate with the price changes of the trading currency.
• In isolated margin mode, each position is separately calculated for margin, and profits and losses do not affect each other.
  • The calculation method of initial margin for USDT perpetual contract is as follows: Opening margin = |Contract amount| × Contract multiplier × Opening average price / Leverage + |Contract amount| × Contract multiplier × Opening average price × Closing fee rate. The initial margin remains fixed.
  • Margin calculation method for coin-margined contract: Initial margin = |Contract size| / (Opening average price × Leverage) + ( |Contract size| / Opening average price ) × Closing fee rate, the initial margin remains constant.
• Example: The user uses 50x leverage to open a long position worth 200 USDT, with a fee rate of 0.075%. The initial margin for the position is: (200 / 50) + 200 * 0.075% = 4.15 USDT

The calculation of the specific margin can also be used on the order page [Contract Calculator】, more convenient and fast: as shown in the following figure

How to view and manage initial margin?

1. Account Information Page: Log in to the exchange account and go to the account information page to view current positions and required initial margin.
2. Trading page: When placing an order, the system will automatically calculate and display the required initial margin.
3. Contract Calculator: Some exchanges provide contract calculators, where users can input the position value and margin ratio to automatically calculate the required initial margin.
4. Transfer in extra funds: In order to ensure that the position is not forcibly liquidated, users can deposit additional funds at any time to increase the margin balance.

Margin Maintenance Calculation

The Importance of Maintaining Margin

The setting of margin maintenance is designed to protect the exchange and other traders from potential losses. When the market price is unfavorable to the holder, if the account margin is insufficient to maintain the position (i.e., the current maintenance margin ratio <= 100%), the forced liquidation mechanism will be triggered to close part or all of the positions to avoid greater losses.

Calculation of Maintenance Margin

The amount of maintenance margin is related to the position value and maintenance margin ratio, and the maintenance margin ratio is related to the risk limit.

The specific formula is as follows:

• Isolated Margin Mode:

Single position maintenance margin = Position value x Maintenance margin ratio + Handling fee

Margin Rate = Total Margin Balance / Maintenance Margin

• Cross Margin Mode:

Margin Ratio = (Position Margin + Unrealized P&L) / Maintenance Margin

• Example calculation:

Assuming a user opens a long position for ETH_USDT worth 100 USDT with 100x leverage, a maintenance margin ratio of 0.5%, and a liquidation fee of 0.075%. The calculation for the maintenance margin of the user’s position is as follows:

The maintenance margin of this user’s position = (position value x maintenance margin ratio) + liquidation fee. That is (100 x 0.5%) + 100 x 0.075% = 0.575 USDT

The initial margin of this position is: (100/100) +100 x 0.075% = 1.075 USDT

At this time, the margin ratio of this position = (1.075+0) / 0.575*100% = 186%

Forced Liquidation Mechanism

When the account margin falls below the maintenance margin (i.e. maintenance margin rate <= 100%), the exchange will activate the forced liquidation mechanism to reduce potential losses.

How to manage maintenance margin

To avoid forced liquidation, users should regularly monitor their account margin and take the following measures:

1. Additional Margin: Deposit more funds in a timely manner when the account margin is insufficient.
2. Reducing Position: Reducing the position to lower the maintenance margin requirement.
3. Using stop-loss orders: set a stop-loss price to automatically sell and limit potential losses.
4. Lower leverage: Reduce leverage ratio and increase error tolerance.

How to manage contract margin risk

Confirm Risk Tolerance

Before trading a contract, it is important to understand the proportion of the single loss amount to the total account funds. For example, if trading once a day, the single loss amount should be controlled within 10% of the total assets, so that only 10 consecutive losing trades will result in a complete loss of all the money in the account. This is unacceptable for contract traders.

But if we control the proportion of single loss to the total account to 5%, 3% or even 1%, the probability of losing all the capital will be greatly reduced.

Strictly implement the contract trading plan

The following figure is a complete trading plan that includes various key points and can be adjusted according to the cryptocurrency market conditions. The overall logical framework is applicable. Start with the macro cycle to determine the current stage of the market, then focus on technical analysis to find opportunities, and finally, have a detailed operational plan for specific trading targets.

Position management

After confirming the risk tolerance, good position management can be achieved by adopting rectangular position management, funnel position management or pyramid position management.

Dynamic take profit, static stop loss, maintain a good mindset, avoid FOMO emotions

1. The market is volatile and unpredictable, with a probability of less than 5% of being correct for five consecutive times.
2. Investment itself has no risk, but uncontrolled investment is the biggest risk;
3. Strictly setting “stop loss and take profit” in contract trading is the discipline of excellent traders. Every position opening should have a logical reason, and a stop-loss should be set for every position opening. Using dynamic take profit and static stop loss methods to limit the risk exposure and allow profits to run. Being able to strictly execute the trading plan within one’s own risk tolerance, allocate position funds reasonably, and set stop loss and take profit for each transaction, the holding mentality will naturally be relaxed, and it can also better cope with various unexpected market conditions.

Summary

Margin in futures trading is like the ‘ballast’ in the ocean of financial transactions, playing a crucial role in different markets with various types and calculation methods. Poor management of margin risks can turn leverage into a ‘deadly scythe,’ but using it wisely can lead to ‘small bets for big wins.’ Investors must fully understand the rules, carefully set leverage, use stop-loss and take-profit orders skillfully, allocate funds scientifically, always respect the market, in order to harness the power of margin in the ever-changing market conditions, sail towards the shore of wealth appreciation, and achieve investment ideals.

Disclaimer
This content is for reference only and does not constitute investment advice. Contract trading carries high risks, which may lead to the loss of principal. Please participate cautiously based on your own risk tolerance. Trading is risky, and investment should be cautious.