A New Attempt at Web3 Identification Layer: How Solo Achieves Trustworthy Anonymity

The Web3 ecosystem is rapidly developing, but the "identification layer", a key infrastructure, has long been absent. From the perspective of on-chain systems, users are often just a string of wallet addresses, lacking structured personal characteristics and behavioral tags. This absence of identification has led to numerous issues, such as witch attacks, lack of user reputation systems, and difficulties in compliant access.

To fill this gap, various Web3 identification layer solutions have emerged in the market, which can be roughly categorized into biometric, social trust, DID aggregation, and behavior analysis types. However, these solutions generally struggle to simultaneously address privacy protection, identification uniqueness, and decentralized verifiability.

The Solo project proposes a new technical path to break this "impossible triangle". Its core is based on the zkHE( zero-knowledge homomorphic encryption) architecture, which integrates Pedersen commitment, homomorphic encryption, and zero-knowledge proof technologies. Users' biometric features undergo multiple encryption processes locally, and the system generates verifiable zero-knowledge proofs to be submitted on-chain, achieving non-falsifiability of identification and verifiability under privacy protection.

The verification process of Solo includes two layers of encryption: homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge proof. Homomorphic encryption allows computations to be performed directly on encrypted data. The system inputs the biometric features in the form of homomorphic encryption into the circuit after commitment, performing matching and comparison operations. Subsequently, based on the comparison results, a zero-knowledge proof is generated to determine whether it is the same person, without exposing the original data throughout the process.

In terms of efficiency, Solo adopts the Groth16 zk-SNARK as the proof framework, enabling low-latency and high-throughput identification on mobile devices. Experiments show that the Solo solution outperforms traditional ZKP solutions in processing high-dimensional biometric data.

The Solo solution has made breakthroughs in three areas: privacy protection, identification uniqueness, and availability.

1. Privacy Aspect: All biometric features are processed locally with encryption, without the need to upload the original data.

2. Identification uniqueness: Ensure one account per person (1P1A) through distance comparison of feature vectors in encrypted state.

3. Availability: The verification generation time is controlled within 2-4 seconds, and on-chain verification can be completed at the millisecond level.

Solo also reserves compliance docking interfaces, supporting integration with on-chain DID and KYC systems, as well as the ability to anchor verification status to a designated Layer 1 network. This provides the possibility of meeting regulatory requirements in various regions in the future.

In the Web3 identity ecosystem, Solo has built an underlying "trusted anonymity layer" infrastructure, providing a foundation for higher-level VC, SBT, social graphs, and more to deliver human experience verification. Currently, Solo has partnered with multiple protocols and platforms, covering vertical fields such as data labeling, DePIN networks, and SocialFi gaming.

By building a trusted and anonymous identification layer system, Solo is laying the foundation for 1P1A capabilities in the Web3 world, and is expected to become an important underlying facility to promote the evolution of on-chain identification systems and the expansion of compliant applications.